Determinantes primários da migração de alagoanas para Escolas de Enfermagem no Rio de Janeiro (1930-1960) / Principales determinantes de la migración de mujeres de Alagoas a las Escuelas de Enfermería de Río de Janeiro (1930-1960) / Primary determinants of migration of women from Alagoas to Nursing Schools in Rio de Janeiro (1930-1960)

A Enfermagem Moderna no Brasil, no seu devir histórico de consolidação enquanto carreira profissional para a mulher brasileira, manteve uma estreita relação entre a migração de mulheres nordestinas e a formação de seus quadros de enfermeiras diplomadas. Na transição de uma economia agrário-exportadora para uma economia urbano-industrial, na década de 1930, surgiu um sistema de assistência à saúde e, de modo geral, um sistema típico de proteção social no Brasil, culminando com modificações operadas pelo regime varguista (1930-1945), às quais marcaram de forma profunda e longeva o campo da saúde pública no Brasil, dentre estas foi a institucionalização e profissionalização da Enfermagem por parte do Estado [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

A formação em Enfermagem para mulheres brasileiras no pós-1930: uma revisão histórica / La formación en enfermería de mujeres brasileñas en la década de 1930: una revisión histórica / Professionalization in Nursing for Brazilian women in the post-1930s: historical notes

O século XX possui marcas importantes para se pensar as transformações que diversos extratos sociais sofreram, no Brasil, em especial as mulheres. Tais como os processos de urbanização, imigração e industrialização do país, e sua consequente absorção do trabalho feminino, como também a necessidade de incorporação das mulheres nos quadros militares de apoio durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a feminização do magistério e o enfrentamento a Estados repressores como os instalados no Estado Novo e na Ditadura Militar [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

Archivory in hypersaline aquatic environments: haloarchaea as a dietary source for the brine shrimp Artemia.

Archaea have been the most overlooked and enigmatic of the three domains of life for decades. Knowledge of key ecological interactions, such as trophic links between this domain and higher level organisms, remains extremely limited. The co-occurrence of halophilic Archaea (haloarchaea) and the non-selective filter feeder, brine shrimp Artemia under the unique ecological characteristics of hypersaline aquatic environments, constitutes an excellent opportunity to further unravel the ecological role of the Archaea domain as a source of food to zooplankton metazoans. In the present study, we combine the use of haloarchaea biomass assimilation experiments using 13C isotope as tracer, with gnotobiotic Artemia culture tests using haloarchaea mono-diets, to investigate potential trophic links between the organisms. Our results demonstrated the ability of Artemia to assimilate nutrients from mono-diets of haloarchaea biomass in order to survive and grow, providing clear indications that archivory may occur in hypersaline aquatic environments. Additionally, our study highlights the use of stable isotopes labelling as a potential tool to further disentangle the specific pathways by which archaeal cellular constituents are digested by consumers.

Labelling halophilic Archaea using 13C and 15N stable isotopes: a potential tool to investigate haloarchaea consumption by metazoans.

The use of stable isotope (SI) labelling and tracing of live diets is currently considered one of the most comprehensive tools to detect their uptake and assimilation by aquatic organisms. These techniques are indeed widely used in nutritional studies to follow the fate of specific microbial dietary components, unraveling trophic interactions. Nevertheless, to the current date our understanding of aquatic trophic relationships has yet to include a whole domain of life, the Archaea. The aim of the present research was, therefore, to describe a halophilic Archaea (haloarchaea) labelling procedure, using the SI 13C and 15N, to enable the application of SI tracing in future studies of haloarchaea consumption by aquatic metazoans. To this end, three 13C enriched carbon sources and two 15N enriched nitrogen sources were tested as potential labels to enrich cells of three haloarchaea strains when supplemented to the culture medium. Our overall results indicate 13C-glycerol as the most effective carbon source to achieve an efficient 13C enrichment in haloarchaea cells, with Δδ13C values above 5000‰ in all tested haloarchaea strains. As for 15N enriched nitrogen sources, both (15NH4)2SO4 and 15NH4Cl seem to be readily assimilated, also resulting in efficient 15N enrichment in haloarchaea cells, with Δδ15N values higher than 20,000‰. We believe that the proposed methodology will allow for the use of SI labelled haloarchaea biomass in feeding tests, potentially providing unambiguous confirmation of the assimilation of haloarchaea biomass by aquatic metazoans.

Early neonatal deaths with perinatal asphyxia in very low birth weight Brazilian infants.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of early deaths associated with birth asphyxia of very low birth weight infants between 2005 and 2010, in Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: This population study enrolled all live births with birth weight from 400 to 1499 g, gestational age ⩾ 22 weeks, without malformations that died up to 6 days after birth with perinatal asphyxia. Asphyxia was defined if intrauterine hypoxia, asphyxia at birth or meconium aspiration syndrome were written in any line of the death certificate. Active search was carried out in 27 Brazilian federative units. RESULT: For every 1000 live births of very low birth weight infants without congenital malformations, 40.25 and 32.38 died with birth asphyxia in the first week after birth, respectively, in 2005 and 2010 (P<0.001). The contribution of birth asphyxia to early neonatal death of these infants was approximately 10 to 12% all study years. CONCLUSION: Reduction of birth asphyxia in very low birth weight infants is essential to reducing neonatal mortality in Brazil.

Assessment of imposex and butyltin concentrations in Gemophos viverratus (Kiener, 1834), from São Vicente, Republic of Cabo Verde (Africa).

This work constitutes the first assessment of tributyltin (TBT) pollution levels in the Republic of Cabo Verde (Africa) and proposes the marine gastropod Gemophos viverratus (Kiener, 1834) as a new bioindicator of TBT pollution in the Macaronesia and west coast of Africa. Specimens were collected between August and October 2012 along a gradient of naval traffic in São Vicente Island. The results clearly indicate an increase of imposex levels (percentage of females affected with imposex, 0-100 %; vas deferens sequence index, 0-4.1; relative penis length index, 0-54.6 %) and female TBT contamination (from 5 to 37 ngSn g(-1) dry weight (dw)) from outside to inside the harbour of Porto Grande Bay and identify this area as the focus of TBT pollution in the island. The butyltin degradation index for G. viverratus tissues ranged between 1.3 and 2.2, which being above 1 suggests that a considerable part of TBT inputs to the bay may not be very recent. Sterile females were found inside the harbour with an incidence up to 21.4 %. Considering the existence of a planktonic veliger stage in the life cycle of G. viverratus, it is expected that recruitment of newborn individuals can be supplied from unaffected breeding females inside and outside the Porto Grande Bay, resulting in a reduced impact of TBT pollution on population abundance. G. viverratus is very promising to be used as a simple, inexpensive and efficient novel tool for TBT pollution biomonitoring in the Macaronesia and west coast of Africa, a region for which there is an astonishing lack of information concerning levels and ecological impacts of TBT pollution.

New records of coastal fishes in the northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with comments on the biogeography of the south-western Atlantic Ocean.

The distribution limits in the Atlantic of Callorhinchus callorynchus (Callorhinchidae) and Odontesthes argentinensis (Atherinopsidae) are extended northwards to 22° 22' S and 22° 31' S, respectively, whereas that of Lile piquitinga (Clupeidae) is extended southwards to 22° 22' S. Their occurrence in the north of Rio de Janeiro State is discussed. Remarks on the osteology of O. argentinensis, and morphometric and meristic data of L. piquitinga, are also provided.

Anorectal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Anorectal transplantation is a valid procedure for the treatment of anorectal dysfunction; however, the lack of a suitable animal model has hampered the development of this method. We describe a simple technique for anorectal transplantation in the rat and compare this procedure with colostomy. METHODS: The anorectal segment including the skin surrounding the anus were freed by abdominal and perineal dissection. In a heterotopically transplanted group the segment was exteriorized by the formation of an anus through an abdominal incision. In an orthotopically transplanted group the segment was replaced in its original position and reimplanted by suturing. In another group a distal colostomy was performed. A sham-treated control group (simulated surgical procedure) was also included. Changes in behavior, characteristics of the stool, body weight and survival rate were assessed by daily clinical examination. Moribund animals, those with a weight loss of more than 30%, and those surviving at 1 month were killed by an overdose of anesthetic. The results were analyzed using the Mann Whitney, Student's t and chi-squared tests, and p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Within 4 days after the operation, animals submitted to orthotopic or heterotopic transplantation had achieved normal defecation, body weight gain and clinical evolution similar to the sham-treated group. The overall mortality in these groups was 4.16%. In contrast, colostomized animals showed a high incidence of diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, stress posture and violent behavior (p

Chromosomal evolution in the Brazilian geckos of the genus Gymnodactylus (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) from the biomes of Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic rain forest: evidence of Robertsonian fusion events and supernumerary chromosomes.

Chromosomes of the South American geckos Gymnodactylus amarali and G. geckoides from open and dry areas of the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes in Brazil, respectively, were studied for the first time, after conventional and AgNOR staining, CBG- and RBG-banding, and FISH with telomeric sequences. Comparative analyses between the karyotypes of open areas and the previously studied Atlantic forest species G. darwinii were also performed. The chromosomal polymorphisms detected in populations of G. amarali from the states of Goiás and Tocantins is the result of centric fusions (2n = 38, 39 and 40), suggesting a differentiation from a 2n = 40 ancestral karyotype and the presence of supernumerary chromosomes. The CBG- and RBG-banding patterns of the Bs are described. G. geckoides has 40 chromosomes with gradually decreasing sizes, but it is distinct from the 2n = 40 karyotypes of G. amarali and G. darwinii due to occurrence of pericentric inversions or centromere repositioning. NOR location seems to be a marker for Gymnodactylus, as G. amarali and G. geckoides share a medium-sized subtelocentric NOR-bearing pair, while G. darwinii has NORs at the secondary constriction of the long arm of pair 1. The comparative analyses indicate a non-random nature of the Robertsonian rearrangements in the genus Gymnodactylus.

Chromosomal studies on sphaerodactyl lizards of genera Gonatodes and Coleodactylus (Squamata, Gekkonidae) using differential staining and fragile sites analyses.

The karyotypes of three species of sphaerodactyl gekkonid lizards are described after conventional and differential staining. Karyotypes of Gonatodeshumeralis and G. hasemani are formed by a gradual series of 32 acrocentric chromosomes, similar to those already published for other species of the genus. G. humeralis shows multiple Ag-NORs with intra-individual variability, and positive C-bands located at centromeric and telomeric regions of several chromosome pairs. Coleodactylus amazonicus, the first non-Gonatodes sphaerodactyl studied so far karyologically, exhibits 36 acrocentric/subtelocentric chromosomes and a single pair of Ag- NORs. Fragile sites were detected on two medium-sized chromosome pairs in the karyotype of G. humeralis, most of them obtained in BrdU-treated culture preparations. These sites may represent a putative fission/fusion spot involved in the differentiation of G. humeralis-like 2n = 32 and C. amazonicus-like 2n = 36 karyotypes. Our results, especially on the location of Ag-NORs and the description of fragile sites, are relevant in improving our knowledge about the events of chromosome evolution in this extremely variable and poorly known group of lizards.

Solvation enthalpies of free radicals: O-O bond strength in di-tert-butylperoxide.

The photolysis reaction of di-tert-butylperoxide was studied in various solvents by photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC). This technique allows the determination of the enthalpy of this homolysis reaction, which by definition corresponds to the O-O bond dissociation enthalpy of the peroxide in solution, DHsin(degrees)(O-O). The derived value from these experiments in benzene, 156.7 +/- 9.9 kJ mol(-1), is very similar to a widely accepted value for the gas-phase bond dissociation enthalpy, DH(degrees)(O-O) = 159.0 +/- 2.1 kJ mol(-1). However, when the PAC-based value is used together with auxiliary experimental data and Drago's ECW model to estimate the required solvation terms, it leads to 172.3 +/- 10.2 kJ mol(-1) for the gas-phase bond dissociation enthalpy. This result, significantly higher than the early literature value, is however in excellent agreement with a recent gas-phase determination of 172.5 +/- 6.6 kJ mol(-1). The procedure to derive the gas-phase DH(degrees)(O-O) was tested by repeating the PAC experiments in carbon tetrachloride and acetonitrile. The average of the values thus obtained was DH(degrees)(O-O) = 179.6 +/- 4.5 kJ mol(-1), confirming that the early gas-phase result is a lower limit. More importantly, the present study questions the usual assumption that the solvation terms of homolysis reactions producing free radicals in solution should cancel, and suggests a methodology to estimate solvation enthalpies of free radicals.

Phase transitions in a model for the formation of herpes simplex ulcers.

The critical properties of a cellular automaton model describing the spreading of infection of the herpes simplex virus in corneal tissue are investigated through the dynamic Monte Carlo method. The model takes into account different cell susceptibilities to the viral infection, as suggested by experimental findings. In a two-dimensional square lattice the sites are associated with two distinct types of cells, namely, permissive and resistant to the infection. While a permissive cell becomes infected in the presence of a single infected cell in its neighborhood, a resistant cell needs to be surrounded by at least R>1 infected or dead cells in order to become infected. The infection is followed by the death of the cells resulting in ulcers whose forms may be dendritic (self-limited clusters) or amoeboid (percolating clusters) depending on the degree of resistance R of the resistant cells as well as on the density of permissive cells in the healthy tissue. We show that a phase transition between these two regimes occurs only for R>/=5 and, in addition, that the phase transition is in the universality class of the ordinary percolation.

Dynamics of HIV infection: a cellular automata approach.

We use a cellular automata model to study the evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The model takes into account the global features of the immune response to any pathogen, the fast mutation rate of the HIV, and a fair amount of spatial localization, which may occur in the lymph nodes. Our results reproduce the three-phase pattern observed in T cell and virus counts of infected patients, namely, the primary response, the clinical latency period, and the onset of AIDS. The dynamics of real experimental data is related to the transient behavior of our model and not to its steady state. We have also found that the infected cells organize themselves into spatial structures, which are responsible for the decrease on the concentration of uninfected cells, leading to AIDS.

Aging and gender affect the response of thyrotropin (TSH) to gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) in rats.

We had previously shown that GRP acts directly at the pituitary gland inhibiting basal and TRH-stimulated TSH secretion in adult male rats. In this study we showed a gender dimorphism in this response of old animals pituitaries to GRP. In both female and male young adult animals, GRP-incubated pituitaries showed approximately 50% less basal and TRH-stimulated TSH secretion to the medium, without affecting the pituitary content of TSH. However, GRP did not have any significant effect upon TSH secretion in old male rats, but the old female showed the same degree of response to GRP as the young adult female rat, regarding basal and TRH-stimulated TSH secretion, while the TSH pituitary content after GRP incubation was higher than that of the young female group. Our data suggest a loss of thyrotrope responsiveness to GRP in aged male rats that could contribute to the decrease in TSH pituitary stores leading to lower basal and TRH-stimulated TSH secretion. Meanwhile, the preservation of GRP responsiveness could help in the relative maintenance of these parameters in the old female rat.

Cluster of Candida parapsilosis primary bloodstream infection in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Candida parapsilosis is an increasingly important bloodstream pathogen in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). We investigated a cluster of bloodstream infections in a NICU to determine whether nosocomial transmission occurred. During a 3-day period, 3 premature infants hospitalized in the same unit presented with sepsis caused by C. parapsilosis. Electrophoretic karyotype of the organisms was performed by using pulsed field gel electrophoresis in a countour-clamped homogeneous electric field system. The isolate from 1 newborn could not be typed, and the isolates from the remaining 2 infants had identical patterns. All 3 cases are described. We conclude that nosocomial transmission of C. parapsilosis occurred and that neonates under intensive care may represent a risk group for this pathogen.

[Nursing research projects in CNPQ (National Council for Scientific and Technologic Development): their trajectory, themes and adherences--1998/2000]. / Os projetos de pesquisa de enfermagem no CNPq: seu percurso, suas temáticas, suas aderências--1998/2000.

The present study analyses the themes proposed by research projects in nursing. It focuses on the projects that were sent to a Brazilian governmental research fomentation agency--CNPq--in the period of time between November 1998 and November 2000. The objective of this work is to identify the recurrent themes proposed in nursing research projects, and discuss its adherence to lines of research under study by nursing professionals which have the support of CAPES. It also relates these themes to the priorities of research established by CNPq. In order to achieve the objectives mentioned, an exploratory and descriptive study was carried out. The primary sources were evaluation grids of research projects. The secondary sources were studies, written and statistics reports from CNPq. Results show that most of the scholarships awarded by CNPq are in the southeast region of Brazil, where a larger number of researchers and post-graduation programs are concentrated. It also reveals that there is a diversity of themes being explored and that there is a relation between the themes and the parameters adopted for the studies.

[Nursing as a history subject: reflecting on the theme]. / A enfermagem como objeto da história: uma reflexão sobre o tema.

In this study we propose a reflection on nursing as an object of history. Our proposal is based on studies which have dealt with the history of nursing in Brazil and with the new perspectives of history studies. Our reflection is guided by an analysis of the history of nursing in Brazil and the social circumstances which determined the development of this profession in this context. This research adopted methodological proposals which are usually used in historical studies. The data collection was done through oral history and the analysis of documentary sources. The review of the social phenomenon, through the data collected, showed the importance of studies of historic nature and how much these can help on the understanding of the nursing professional identity as well as on the strengthening of this category. We hope that this project motivates the production of other works on this subject and calls the attention for the importance of preserving our historical memory.

Immune phenotype of chronic liver disease.

Immune disorders in chronic liver disease may reflect common host propensities or disease-specific factors. Our aim was to determine the principal bases for these expressions. Four hundred fifty-one patients with various chronic liver diseases were assessed prospectively for concurrent immune disorders. Individuals with immune diseases were more frequently women (73% vs 60%, P = 0.02) and they had HLA DR4 more often than counterparts with other HLA (46% vs 23%, P = 0.000008). The association between HLA DR4 and immune disease was apparent within individual liver diseases and within different categories of liver disease. Women with HLA DR4 had a higher frequency of immune disease than women without HLA DR4 (52% vs 22%, P < or = 0.000001), and they also had immune diseases more commonly than DR4-positive men (52% vs 31%, P = 0.03). DR4-positive men, however, had higher frequencies of immune disease than DR4-negative men, especially in the nonimmune types of liver disease (26% vs 4%, P = 0.002). We conclude that HLA DR4 and female gender constitute an immune phenotype that is an important basis for autoimmune expression in chronic liver disease.

Differential distribution of a second type of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive amacrine cell in the chick retina.

A second population of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive amacrine cells was demonstrated in embryonic and adult chicken retinas by immunohistochemistry techniques in whole flat-mount preparations. The populations were differentiated on a basis of different immunostaining intensities, levels of stratification in the inner plexiform layer, and topographical distributions. Cells of one type were similar to the previously described dopaminergic amacrine cells, denoted here as tyrosine hydroxylase type 1 cells. Immunoreactive neurons of the second type observed in the present work had relatively smaller somata size, and weaker immunostaining than type 1 cells, and were located preferentially in the ventral retina. These tyrosine hydroxylase type 2 cells could be visualized from embryonic day 14 to 21 days after hatching animals. The distribution of the second population was coincident with that of the targets of centrifugal fibres and with cells involved in long proprioretinal connections. We propose that the tyrosine hydroxylase type 2 amacrine cells found in the ventral retina could mediate an important pathway to the upper half of the visual field so as to aid in the detection of predators.

Immune network at the edge of chaos.

Some time ago Jerne proposed a new theory to explain the basis of the immune system. He suggested the existence of a functional connected network, based on pattern recognition of the idiotypes carried by the lymphocytes, which is responsible for the self regulation of the immune system. Only 15-20% of the lymphocytes available in the immune repertoire will participate in this functional network, while the rest of the lymphocytes will be free to respond to any foreign antigen. Each individual immune repertoire will be different depending on the lymphocytes that participate in the connected network. Using a very simple cellular automata model of the immune repertoire dynamics we show that, although the usual regimes (stable and chaotic) attained by this automata, are not interesting from the biological point of view, the transition region, at the edge of chaos, is very appropriate to describe such dynamics. In this region we have obtained a functional connected network involving 10-20% of the lymphocytes available in the repertoire, as suggested by Jerne and others. The model also reproduces the immune system signature, the ensemble of different lymphocytes that each individual expresses in his immune repertoire, which varies from one individual to another. We show how the immune memory comes out as a consequence of the dynamics of the system. From our results we confirm and present evidence that the chaotic regime corresponds to a sort of non-healthy state, as has been suggested previously.